Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

After four years, we are ultimately gathered on the steps of what we thought wed never come to. We are graduating, finally shedding the familiar and embarking on a world of whats-next? Despite that, though, today is perhaps most importantly a day to remember our past. In the undefiled childhood of memories that each of us has accumulated, beginning roughly when we were still young enough to believe braces are cool, some of the most vivid and authoritative are from this campus. The high school years are mainly those in which a person leaves off building their lives around what they have been shown, and begins to select the grade they will take for themselves. It is fair to say that these last four years have seen immense changes in each and every one of us. And today is alike a day to...

Education: Causes & Effects Essay -- essays research papers

Education Causes and Effects     In many situations, higher education separates people from their families, social backgrounds, and cultures. This often causes mixed emotions, cumbersome feelings, and other conflicts. Some of these conflicts are described in works such as "Aria" by Richard Rodriguez, and "The Right to Write" by Frederic Douglass.     "Aria" comes from the biography of Richard Rodriguez, the son of devil Mexican immigrants. He describes his struggle to grow up in a primarily white, English-speaking area. As a young child knowing little than fifty English words, Rodriguez began his schooling in Sacramento, California. He not only faced the obstacle of mastering the English language, but also that of fitting in socially with a classroom of wealthy white children.     To Rodriguez, the English language and the Spanish language represented something different. English was the language used to communicate with outsiders. It was a tool for survival, and held no personalmeaning. Spanish, however, was the key to his comfort. Hearing spanish brought Rodriguez feelings of love, acceptance, family, and security.     Throughout his life, Rodriguez had mixed feelings about his parents. "They were nobodys victims," he said of his parents. "Optimism and ambition led them to a mob (our home) many blocks from the Mexican south si...

An Analysis of Satans Final Speech in Milton’s Paradise Lost

An Analysis of Satans Final Speech in Miltons Paradise LostSatans final livery to Eve, 11. 679-732, Book IX, in Miltons Paradise Lost, is a persuasive masterpiece carefully structured to appeal to her ambitious tendencies and to expand her already existing doubts (which Satan has implanted) as to the perfect nature of God. Satan begins by worshipping the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, as Eve will do after she has made her choice. Throughout the remainder of the speech, he attempts to present the tree as an alternative focus of her faith. Satan endeavours to weaken Eves admiration and fear of God, and to reinforce her faith in herself, or the potential of what she could be if she had the courage to eat of the fruit. Satans speech is primarily interrogative - - he poses provocative questions, and then provides what he represents as all of the possible answers. Of course, every solution he offers supports her tasting of the tree. By the faithful of the oration, whether or not we have any Biblical knowledge, it is evident that Eve cannot possibly resist the brilliance of Satans argument. Satans first words are addressed not to Eve but constitute an exultation of the tree. He speaks of the queen it has provided, of the near ecstasy and knowledge that has welled up within him since (allegedly) tasting the fruit. Satans emphasis on the power that the tree contains is perhaps a shrewd recognition of Eves feelings of inferiority. He realizes that Eve agonizes over Adams predominant position, and possibly even resents the supremacy of God Himself. Satan indirectly presents the tree as a means of bridging this gap. Through one simple action, she can instantly assert her independence, as well as acquire the apprehension and ... ...ever been exposed to evil, and cannot recognize it. She is an easy target. Satan introduces ideas that had never occurred to her before in the form of questions in order to latch Eves mind onto these concepts and to have her mull them over. However, he does not give her much room for independent thought - Satan provides the answers to all of the questions he has posed. Eve is pressured to make a decision as soon as possible, and is not awarded the leisure to work out the fallacies in his argument. She does not have the tools to combat Satans superior intellect. With Eves faith in God severely move and her hopes raised for the future, her decision to eat of the tree is a foregone conclusion. Works Cited Milton, John. Paradise Lost. The Norton Anthology of English Literature The Major Authors. Ed. M. H. Abrams. 6th ed. New York Norton, 1990. 770-71.

Belief in John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath :: Free Essay Writer

Belief in arse Steinbecks The Grapes of WrathHoliness, sin, and life are repeatedly questioned throughout John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath, particularly by the former preacher, Jim Casey. As a preacher, Casey only preaches what the bible states and he resigns from his occupation after he feels the urge to pursue lifes true means and values of the individual - basically to make sense of the world he resides in. Casey closely resembles the character and motives of Jesus Christ, as he is enthused to uncover the answers to his wonders and doubts and begins to hold bleak beliefs of sacrificing the self to sustain the rights of society. All the slice, questions concerning the ideas and beliefs of the world circulate through Jim Caseys mind and he makes the decision to separate himself from the teachings of society to determine logical resolutions to his convoluted uncertainties. afterward renouncing his job as a preacher, Casey first decides to ponder his questions by going into th e wilderness like Jesus and seeing if he can attain the spirit, while analyzing his thoughts (489-90). When others or so him rarely observe ideas in depth, Casey transforms all of his thoughts into complex puzzles and seeks the answers little by little. Casey believes that by taking his ideas one piece at a time, he will one day be able to encounter the real truth. When he first hears of the conflict between the different social classes, Casey throws back his organize and looks at the sharp stars in deep thought, his mind poring over the controversy (77). Caseys hours of analyzing bring his thoughts together and creates for him a larger intellectual depth, which distinguishes his sole purpose from those around him. Light is used to exemplify Casey as Jesus Christ, holy and virtuous, and separate from other people. Even during insignificant situations, his character is expressed when the light of the coming morning time made his forehead seem to shine, and his hands, swinging besi de him, flicked into the light and out again (89). Caseys image as a holy figure automatically makes him a peacekeeper among the Joad family, and most(prenominal) of the time he succeeds in maintaining his title role. The members of the Joad family understand that Casey is not simply a former preacher, but is someone with vigorous aura and strong beliefs on the rights of people. When Casey duologue to Tom by a fire one night, the firelight goes deep into his eyes and ignites red embers, signifying his powerful presence (72).

The Red Badge :: essays research papers

The Red Badge of CourageThe Red Badge of Courage is now universally recognized as a masterpiece, although when it beginning(a) appeared in book form in 1896 (two months later in England than in the United States) it provoked mixed reactions. The English critics, in fact, brought it to the attention of the American public, which had for the most part ignored it. Those early readers who approved saw in it a "true and complete picture of war," a book which "thrusts aside romantic machinery" in party favour of dramatic action and photographic revelation. Its critics attacked it for what they considered its utter lack of literary form - its "absurd similes," "bad grammar," and "violent straining after effect." Edward Garnett, however, praised its "perfect mastery of form," and Conrad, who had cognize Crane, said in 1926 that The Red Badge of Courage was a "spontaneous piece of work which seems to spurt and flow uniform a tapped str eam from the depths of the writers being," and he found it "virile and full of gentle sympathy" while it was happily marred by no "declamatory sentiments." Throughout the first four decades of the one C the book was variously praised and condemned for its naturalism or "animalism," its realism and its extraordinary style. V. S. Pritchett, writing in 1946, may be said to represent the prevailing opinion when he declares that Cranes "verisimilitude," his grasp of "human feelings," and his "dramatic scenes and portraits" give The Red Badge of Courage a place in the literature of war.     It is only in the forties that expert literary analysis of the book begins. It had of course long been recognized that novels such as Zolas La Debacle and Tolstoys Sevastopol and War and Peace had had some influence on Crane, and that he had made use of Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (which had first appeared serially in th e Century Magazine) as well as accounts of particular campaigns his companion William, for one thing, was an expert on the strategy of the Battle of Chancellorsville, and there are many parallels with this battle to be found in The Red Badge. But scholars like Pratt, Webster, Osborn, and Stallman began to call attention to the possible role played by less significant factors, like Cranes personal acquaintance with General Van Petten, an instructor at Claverack College, who might have provided him with a first-hand account of the Battle of Antietam.

The Red Badge :: essays research papers

The Red Badge of CourageThe Red Badge of Courage is now universally recognized as a masterpiece, although when it first appeared in news form in 1896 (two months later in England than in the United States) it provoked mixed re accomplishments. The English critics, in fact, brought it to the trouble of the American public, which had generally ignored it. Those untimely readers who approved saw in it a "true and complete picture of war," a book which "thrusts aside romantic machinery" in favor of dramatic action and photographic revelation. Its critics attacked it for what they considered its utter lack of literary form - its "absurd similes," "bad grammar," and "violent straining after effect." Edward Garnett, however, praised its "perfect mastery of form," and Conrad, who had known Crane, said in 1926 that The Red Badge of Courage was a "spontaneous piece of work which seems to spurt and flow like a tapped stream from the depths of the writers being," and he found it " virile and full of gentle sympathy" while it was happily marred by no "declamatory sentiments." Throughout the first four decades of the century the book was diversely praised and condemned for its naturalism or "animalism," its realism and its extraordinary style. V. S. Pritchett, writing in 1946, may be said to represent the prevailing opinion when he declares that Cranes "verisimilitude," his grasp of " valet feelings," and his "dramatic scenes and portraits" give The Red Badge of Courage a place in the literature of war.     It is only in the forties that serious literary summary of the book begins. It had of course long been recognized that novels such as Zolas La Debacle and Tolstoys Sevastopol and War and Peace had had some influence on Crane, and that he had make use of Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (which had first appeared serially in the Century Magaz ine) as well as accounts of particular campaigns his brother William, for one thing, was an near on the strategy of the Battle of Chancellorsville, and there are many parallels with this battle to be found in The Red Badge. But scholars like Pratt, Webster, Osborn, and Stallman began to call attention to the possible role played by less significant factors, like Cranes personal acquaintance with General Van Petten, an instructor at Claverack College, who might hire provided him with a first-hand account of the Battle of Antietam.

Legal and Ethical Implications for Classroom Management Essay

Todays classrooms are more dynamic than ever before. educational needs of students are changing at breakneck speeds, along with the demands macrocosm placed on their teachers. There are associated legal and respectable implications that are evolving as rapidly as the technology that is driving a lot of the change. In order to carry a chance to meet the needs of students and legal/ethical obligations, educators must have well developed classroom management techniques. These can get tricky quite often and require balancing the increasingly different needs of many different people.To be an effective teacher today is extremely difficult for these reasons. This essay will examine some of the current issues that teachers are exposed to in todays classrooms by summarizing four journal articles and responding to them. The specific issues will be free speech and what it means in a school setting, cell squalls in classrooms, bullying (specifically of students with disabilities), and s exual urge specific dress codes. Freedom of Speech The issue addressed in the first article heavyset is freedom of speech and how it is interpreted in a globe school setting in relation to the distribution of religious materials.This is really not a new topic of debate. Current precedents have been set in court cases dating as far back as1969 and the Tinker vs. Desmoines case. In that case, the court ending reads that, in order to prohibit any students expression of intellection, the school must provide evidence to support the fact that the actions being suppressed would be importantly disruptive (Essex, 2006). Be shit it is an issue of ongoing debate there are cases still being heard all over the country.This article is specifically in repartee to a case in the New York Supreme Court, where a student was prohibited from distributing religious fliers on school property. The question is, why was the student prevented from expressing her opinion in the first place. According to E ssex (2006), one of the requirements placed on schools is that they remain viewpoint neutral. This means that if the literature was suppressed because it was religious in nature, the suppression break her First Amendment rights, even in the school setting.In all court cases, the real message has been that schools are responsible for making sure parents and students are cognisant that the schools are merely sending messages indiscriminately from religious and non-secular sources and that they are not in support of any of them (Essex, 2006). Really the essence of the article is that sound policies must be in place, well documented, and consistently followed for a school to be able to regulate what a student says or distributes and there must be no endorsement of any particular ideas from any group or student.Cell phones The next topic of discussion is cell phones in classrooms. The article being summarized is entitled The Only Thing We Have to Fear is120 Characters. In this article, Kevin Thomas and Christy McGee (2012) make arguments for the use of cellphones in classrooms in spite of the fact that 69% have banned them. This paper responds to the many reasons for disallowing their use, and then it goes on to highlight some ideas about why cell phones should be used as educational tools. Both sides of the discussion certainly make valid points.If 69% schools have taken students cell phones away, there must be some reasons. Thomas & Mcgee (2012) set and responded to four commonly offered rationales, including misuse for cheating, replacing Standard English with textese, sexting, and cyberbulling. It seems rather obvious that these are negative side effects of the technology, however there are also positive results that can be attributed to the use of cell phones. Today, they are relatively affordable and powerful miniature computers.When used properly, the possibilities for better use of duration are astonishing. According to Thomas and McGee (2012), teachers need to be modeling appropriate behavior with their portable electronic devices and taking advantage of the benefits because the technology is not the cause of the problems. The problems being associated with cell phones all existed in some form, long before modern technology. Thomas Diamates (2010) reports that courts have supported schools in their efforts to ban cell phone use as long as the school follow established procedures.Bullying The third topic has to do with bullying, specifically students with disabilities. These students stand out in the classroom, as they are different and so they are subjects of increased abuse from fellow students (Eckes and Gibbs, 2012). Schools and teachers have an obligation to provide students with disabilities a free appropriate public education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment according to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (2004).This paper looks at the findings in several court cases to establish what is needed of t eachers in situations where students with disabilities are being bullied. What this article shows is that there are an increasing number of suits against school where disabled children are being bullied. The interpretation of what is considered an appropriate education, and whether or not the school took proper preventative/disciplinary steps in light of the bullying are the reasons for these suits.The findings of this study provide evidence that the courts will broadly side with schools that have taken and documented actions to alleviate the harassment. In Brown vs. Monroe County climb on of Education (1999), the Supreme Court ruled that for a school to be liable, it must receive federal funds, it must have been aware of and acted deliberately indifferent to the harassment, and the bullying must have been severe enough to deprive educational opportunity (Eckes and Gibbs, 2012).Basically, schools must make an adequate effort to alleviate the harassment in order to limit their liab ility, and this has been upheld by the courts in cases like Werth v. Board of Directors (2007), and Biggs v. Board of Education (2002). Dress codes The last article on the list takes a look at how and why public schools can or cannot implement gender based dress codes. Proponents of dress codes list reasons including less distractions, less pressure to dress right, safety, and lower cost to families.Opponents say that dress codes take away students communicatory rights, which are already severely limited in school settings. In this particular case, Ceara Sturgis had her picture and name removed from her senior yearbook because she is a homosexual who was more comfortable wearing the school prescribed male outfit. The current question is whether or not this is in violation of her civil liberties. Historically the courts have upheld the rights of schools to implement dress codes with very few exceptions. In Blau v.Fort Thomas Public School District (2005), a father brought suit agai nst the school for violating inaugural and 14th amendment rights with their dress code. The court found no violation of rights since it is not related to suppression of the content of expression, it furthers a substantial government interest, and it does not turn on substantially more speech than is necessary to further that interest (Dowling-Sender, p. 34, 2005). On the other side of the coin, in United States vs. Virginia (1996), schools were required to show a licit and important reason for any gender based restrictions (Smith, 2012).In Cearas case, the school is going to have to show that it meets all these criteria, and the outcome has some potentially far reaching consequences. What all this means is that teaching in todays classrooms must be dynamic. Teachers need to be aware of their ever-changing legal and ethical obligations as educators. Decisions must be based on sound judgment and carefully documented observations. Teachers, students, and parents must work together an d communicate with each other to fashion the best possible learning environment for everyone.

Water Pollution Occurs When Pollutants Are Discharged Environmental Sciences Essay

weewee taint is the taint of body of water organic structures ( e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater ) .Water pollution affects workss and universes populating in these organic structures of weewee and, in about either instances the consequence is damaging non merely to single species and populations, only if besides to the natural biological communities.Water pollution occurs when pollutants be action straight or indirectly into pee organic structures without equal intervention to take harmful compounds.IntroductionWater pollution is a major job in the planetary context. It has been suggested that it is the taking universal ca expenditure of deceases and diseases, and that it numbers for the deceases of more than 14,000 people daily. An estimated 700 million Indians have no entree to a proper lavatory, and 1,000 Indian kids dice of diarrhoeal sickness every xxiv hours. few 90 % of China s metropoliss suffer from some grade of water pollution, and about 500 milli on people lack entree to off the hook(predicate) imbibing water. In add-on to the a cut of meate jobs of H2O pollution in developing states, industrialised states continue to fight with pollution jobs every twist beneficial. In the most recent national study on H2O quality in the United States, 45 per centum of assessed watercourse stat mis, 47 per centum of assessed lake estates, and 32 per centum of assessed bay and estuarine squ be stat mis were classified as polluted.Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenetic contaminations and either does non back up a compassionate usage, similar helping as imbibing H2O, and/or undergoes a pronounced displacement in its ability to back up its constitutional biotic communities, much(prenominal) as fish. Natural phenomena such(prenominal) as vents, algae blooms, storms, and temblors besides cause major renewings in H2O quality and the ecological position of H2O.Water pollution classs ascend H2O and groundwater have oft been studied and managed as separate resources, although they are interrelated. Beginnings of surface H2O pollution are by and large grouped into deuce classs based on their beginning.Point beginning pollution refers to contaminations that enter a waterway through a distinct conveyance, such as a shrill or ditch. Examples of beginnings in this class involve discharges from a sewerage intervention works, a mill, or a metropolis storm drain. The U.S. Clean Water crop ( CWA ) defines point beginning for regulative enforcement intents. The CWA definition of point beginning was amended in 1987 to include municipal storm cloaca systems, every bit fair as industrial stormwater, such as from twist sites.Non-point beginning ( NPS ) pollution refers to spread taint that does non arise from a individual discrete beginning. NPS pollution is frequently the cumulative consequence of little sums of contaminations gathered from a enlarged country. The leaching out o f nitrogen compounds from agricultural land which has been fertilized is a typical illustration. Nutrient flowage in stormwater from sheet flow over an agricultural field or a wood are besides cited as illustrations of NPS pollution. Contaminated storm H2O washed off of parking tonss, roads and main roads, called urban overflow, is sometimes included under the class of NPS pollution. However, this overflow is typically channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface Waterss, and is a point beginning. However where such H2O is non channeled and drains straight to anchor it is a non-point beginning.Groundwater pollution Interactions between groundwater and surface H2O are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater taint, is non as easy classified as surface H2O pollution. By its really nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to taint from beginnings that whitethorn non straight affect surface H2O organic structures, and the differentiation of point vs. non-point beginning may be irrelevant. A spill or on-going releases of chemical or radionuclide contaminations into dirt ( located off from a surface H2O organic structure ) may non make point beginning or non-point beginning pollution, but fag end pollute the aquifer below, defined as a toxin plume. The motion of the plume, a plume forepart, can be portion of a Hydrological conveyance theoretical account or Groundwater theoretical account. Analysis of groundwater taint may concentrate on the dirt features and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminations.Causes of H2O pollutionThe specific contaminations taking to pollution in H2O include a broad spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical or centripetal alterations such as elevated temperature and stain. While many an another(prenominal)(prenominal) of the chemicals and substances that are set may be of course happening ( Ca, Na, Fe, manganese, etc. ) the concentration is frequently the key in finding what is a natural constituent of H2O, and what is a contamination.Oxygen-depleting substances may be natural stuffs, such as works affair ( e.g. foliages and grass ) every bit good as semisynthetic chemicals. Other natural and anthropogenetic substances may do turbidness ( cloud cover ) which blocks visible radiation and disrupts works growing, and clogs the gills of some fish species. Many of the chemical substances are toxic. Pathogens can claim ahead waterborne diseases in either human or carnal hosts. Change of H2O s physical chemical science includes sourness ( alteration in pH ) , electrical conduction, temperature, and eutrophication. Eutrophication is an addition in the concentration of chemical foods in an ecosystem to an extent that increases in the primary productiveness of the ecosystem. Depending on the grade of eutrophication, subsequent negative environmental effects such as anoxia ( oxygen depletion ) and t errible decreases in H2O quality may happen, impacting fish and other carnal populations.Pathogens Coliform bacteriums are a normally used bacterial index of H2O pollution, although non an existent cause of disease. Other microorganisms sometimes set in motion in surface Waterss which have caused human wellness jobs includeBurkholderia pseudomalleiCryptosporidium parvumGiardia lambliaSalmonellaNovovirus and other virusesParasitic worms ( parasitic worms ) . High degrees of pathogens may ensue from inadequately toughened sewerage discharges. This can be caused by a sewerage works designed with less than secondary intervention ( more typical in less-developed states ) . In developed states, older metropoliss with aging substructure may hold leaky sewerage aggregation systems ( pipes, pumps, valves ) , which can do sanitary cloaca floods. Some metropoliss besides have combined cloacas, which may dispatch untreated sewerage during rain storms.Pathogen discharges may besides be caused by ill managed farm animal operations.Chemical and other contaminations Muddy river polluted by deposit. film courtesy of United States Geological Survey. Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. Organic H2O pollutants includeDetergentsDisinfection byproducts found in chemically disinfected imbibing H2O, such as trichloromethaneFood processing uncivilised, which can include oxygen-demanding substances, fats and lubricating oilInsecticides and weedkillers, a immense scope of organohalides and other chemical compoundsPetroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels ( gasolene, Diesel fuel, outflow fuels, and fuel oil ) and lubricators ( motor oil ) , and fuel burning by-products, from stormwater overflowTree and bush dust from logging operationsVolatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) , such as industrial dissolvers, from improper storage. Chlorinated dissolvers, which are heavy non-aqueous stage liquids ( DNAPLs ) , may fall to the underside of reservoirs, since they do nt ble nd good with H2O and are denser. respective(a) chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and decorative merchandisesInorganic H2O pollutants includeSourness caused by industrial discharges ( particularly sulfur dioxide from berth workss )Ammonia from nutrient processing wasteChemical waste as industrial byproductsFertilizers incorporating foods nitrates and phosphates which are found in stormwater overflow from agribusiness, every bit good as commercial and residential usage. Heavy metals from motor vehicles ( via urban stormwater overflow ) and acerb mine drainageSilt ( deposit ) in overflow from building sites, logging, cut and burn patterns or land glade sitesMacroscopic pollution big seeable points fouling the H2O may be termed floatables in an urban stormwater context, or marine dust when found on the unfastened seas, and can include such points asTrash ( e.g. paper, plastic, or nutrient waste ) discarded by people on the land, and that are washed by rainfall into storm drains and finally discharged into surface WaterssNurdles, little omnipresent waterborne plastic pelletsShipwrecks, big derelict ships caloric pollutionThermal pollution is the rise or autumn in the temperature of a natural organic structure of H2O caused by human influence. A common cause of thermic pollution is the usage of H2O as a coolant by power workss and industrial makers. Elevated H2O temperatures decreases O degrees ( which can kill fish ) and affects ecosystem composing, such as invasion by new thermophilic species. urban overflow may besides promote temperature in surface Waterss.Thermal pollution can besides be caused by the release of really cold H2O from the base of reservoirs into warmer rivers.Conveyance and chemical reactions of H2O pollutantsMost H2O pollutants are finally carried by rivers into the oceans. In some countries of the universe the influence can be traced 100 stat mis from the oral colliery by surveies utilizing hydrology conveyance theoretical acco unts. Advanced com sheding machine theoretical accounts such as SWMM or the DSSAM Model have been used in many locations worldwide to analyze the destiny of pollutants in aquatic systems. Indicator filter feeding species such as copepods have besides been used to analyze pollutant destinies in the New York Bight, for illustration. The highest toxin tonss are non straight at the oral cavity of the Hudson River, but 100 kilometres southwestern, since several yearss are required for incorporation into planktonic tissue. The Hudson discharge flows south along the seashore due to coriolis force. Further South so are countries of O depletion, caused by chemicals utilizing up O and by algae blooms, caused by scanty foods from algal cell decease and decomposition. Fish and shellfish putting to deaths have been reported, because toxins climb the nutrient concatenation after little fish consume copepods, so big fish eat smaller fish, etc. Each consecutive measure up the nutrient concatenati on causes a bit-by-bit concentration of pollutants such as heavy metals ( e.g. quicksilver ) and relentless organic pollutants such as DDT. This is known as biomagnification, which is on occasion used interchangeably with bioaccumulation.Large coils ( whirls ) in the oceans trap drifting plastic dust. The North Pacific Gyre for illustration has collected the alleged Great Pacific Garbage Patch that is now estimated at 100 times the size of Texas. Many of these durable pieces wind up in the tummy of Marine birds and freshen up beings. This consequences in obstructor of digestive tracts which leads to cut down appetency or even famishment.Many chemicals undergo reactive decay or chemically change particularly over long periods of break off in groundwater reservoirs. A notable category of such chemicals is the chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethane ( used in industrial metal degreasing and electronics fabricating ) and tetrachlorethylene used in the dry cleansing industry ( note latest progresss in liquid C dioxide in dry cleansing that avoids all usage of chemicals ) . Both of these chemicals, which are carcinogens themselves, undergo partial decomposition reactions, taking to new risky chemicals ( including dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride ) .Groundwater pollution is much more hard to slake than surface pollution because groundwater can travel great distances through unobserved aquifers. Non-porous aquifers such as clays partly purify H2O of bacteriums by simple filtration ( surface assimilation and soaking up ) , dilution, and, in some instances, chemical reactions and biological activity nevertheless, in some instances, the pollutants simply transform to dirty contaminations. Groundwater that moves through clefts and caverns is non filtered and can be transported every bit easy as surface H2O. In fact, this can be aggravated by the human inclination to utilize natural swallow holes as mopess in countries of Karst topography. There are a assor tment of secondary effects stemming non from the original pollutant, but a derivative status. An illustration is silt-bearing surface overflow, which can suppress the aggression of sunshine through the H2O column, haltering photosynthesis in aquatic workss.Measurement of H2O pollutionEnvironmental Scientists fixing H2O autosamplers. Water pollution may be analyzed through several wide classs of methods physical, chemical and biological. Most involve aggregation of samples, followed by specialised analytical trials. Some methods may be conducted in situ, without trying, such as temperature. Government bureaus and research organisations have published standardized, validated analytical trial methods to ease the comparison of consequences from disparate proving events.Sampling Sampling of H2O for physical or chemical testing can be done by several methods, depending on the truth needed and the features of the contamination. Many taint events are aggressively restricted in clip, most n ormally in association with rain events. For this ground grab samples are frequently unequal for to the full quantifying contamination degrees. Scientists garnering this type of informations frequently employ auto-sampler devices that pump increases of H2O at either clip or discharge intervals.Sampling for biological proving involves aggregation of workss and/or doctor beings from the surface H2O organic structure. Depending on the type of appraisal, the beings may be identified for biosurveys ( population counts ) and returned to the H2O organic structure, or they may be dissect for bio-assaies to find toxicity.Physical testingCommon physical trials of H2O include temperature, solids concentration like entire suspended solids ( TSS ) and turbidness.Chemical testingWater samples may be examined utilizing the rules of analytical chemical science. Many published test methods are available for both organic and inorganic compounds. Frequently used methods include pH, biochemical O d emand ( BOD ) , chemical O demand ( COD ) , foods ( nitrate and phosphorus compounds ) , metals ( including Cu, Zn, Cd, lead and quicksilver ) , oil and lubricating oil, entire crying(a) oil hydrocarbons ( TPH ) , and pesticides.Biological testingBiological proving involves the usage of works, animate being, and/or microbic indexs to supervise the wellness of an aquatic ecosystem.Control of H2O pollution municipal sewerage Deer Island Waste Water Treatment Plant functioning Boston, Massachusetts and locality. Domestic sewerage is 99.9 % pure H2O, the other 0.1 % are pollutants. While found in low concentrations, these pollutants pose hazard on a big graduated table. In urban countries, domestic sewerage is typically treated by centralised sewerage intervention workss. In the U.S. , most of these workss are operated by local authorities bureaus, often referred to as publically owned intervention plants ( POTW ) . municipal intervention workss are designed to command conventional pol lutants BOD and suspended solids. Well-designed and operated systems ( i.e. , secondary intervention or better ) can take 90 per centum or more of these pollutants. Some workss have extra sub-systems to handle foods and pathogens. Most municipal workss are non designed to handle toxic pollutants found in industrial outflowing.Cities with healthful cloaca floods or combined sewer floods employ one or more technology attacks to cut down discharges of untreated sewerage, includingusing a gullible substructure attack to better stormwater direction capacity throughout the system, and cut down the hydraulic overloading of the intervention worksfix and replacing of leaking and malfunctioning equipment.increase overall hydraulic capacity of the sewerage aggregation system ( frequently a really expensive option ) .A family or concern non served by a municipal intervention works may hold an single infected armored combat vehicle, which treats the effluent on site and discharges into the dir t. Alternatively, domestic effluent may be sent to a nearby in private owned intervention system ( e.g. in a rural community ) .industrial effluent Dissolved air floatation system for handling industrial effluent. Some industrial installations generate ordinary domestic sewerage that can be treated by municipal installations. Industries that generate effluent with high concentrations of conventional pollutants ( e.g. oil and lubricating oil ) , toxic pollutants ( e.g. heavy metals, volatile organic compounds ) or other nonconventional pollutants such as ammonium hydroxide, need specialised intervention systems. Some of these installations can put in a pre-treatment system to take the toxic constituents, and so direct the partly treated effluent to the municipal system. Industries bring forthing big volumes of effluent typically operate their ain complete on-site intervention systems.Some industries have been successful at redesigning their fabrication processes to cut down or exting uish pollutants, through a procedure called pollution bar.Heated H2O generated by power workss or fabricating workss may be controlled withchilling pools, semisynthetic organic structures of H2O designed for chilling by vaporization, convection, and radiationchilling towers, which transfer waste heat to the ambiance through vaporization and/or heat transportationcogeneration, a procedure where waste heat is recycled for domestic and/or industrial heating intents.Agricultural effluent Nonpoint beginning controlsSediment ( loose dirt ) washed off Fieldss is the largest beginning of agricultural pollution in the United States. Farmers may use eroding controls to cut down overflow flows and retain dirt on their Fieldss. Common techniques include contour ploughing, harvest mulching, harvest rotary motion, seting perennial harvests and put ining riparian buffers.Foods ( N and P ) are typically applied to farmland as commercial fertiliser carnal manure or crop-dusting of municipal or in dustrial effluent ( outflowing ) or sludge. Foods may besides come in overflow from harvest residues, irrigation H2O, wildlife, and atmospheric deposition. Farmers can develop and fulfill alimentary direction programs to cut down extra application of foods.To minimise pesticide impacts, husbandmans may utilize Integrated Pest Management ( IPM ) techniques ( which can include biological pest control ) to keep control over plagues, cut down trust on chemical pesticides, and protect H2O quality.Point beginning effluent interventionFarms with big farm animal and domestic fowl operations, such as mill farms, are called concentrated animate being feeding operations or confined carnal feeding operations in the U.S. and are being capable to increasing authorities ordinance. Animal slurries are normally treated by containment in lagunas before disposal by spray or trickle application to grassland. Constructed wetlands are sometimes used to ease intervention of animate being wastes, as are a naerobiotic lagunas. Some carnal slurries are treated by blending with straw and composted at high temperature to bring forth a bacteriologically unfertile and crumbly manure for dirt betterment.Construction site stormwaterSilt fencing installed on a building site. Sediment from building sites is managed by installing oferoding controls, such as mulching and hydroseeding, anddeposit controls, such as deposit basins and silt fencings.Discharge of toxic chemicals such as motor fuels and concrete washout is prevented by usage ofspill bar and control programs, andspecially designed containers ( e.g. for concrete washout ) and constructions such as overflow controls and recreation berms.Urban overflow ( stormwater ) Effective control of urban overflow involves cut bolt down the speed and flow of stormwater, every bit good as cut downing pollutant discharges. Local authoritiess use a assortment of stormwater direction techniques to cut down the effects of urban overflow. These techniques , called best direction patterns ( BMPs ) in the U.S. , may concentrate on H2O measure control, while others focus on bettering H2O quality, and some perform both maps.Pollution bar patterns include low impact growing techniques, installing of green roofs and improved chemical handling ( e.g. direction of motor fuels & A oil, fertilisers and pesticides ) . Runoff extenuation systems include infiltration basins, bioretention systems, constructed wetlands, keeping basins and similar devices. Thermal pollution from overflow can be controlled by stormwater direction installations that absorb the overflow or direct it into groundwater, such as bioretention systems and infiltration basins. Retention basins run for to be less effectual at cut downing temperature, as the H2O may be heated by the Sun before being discharged to a receiving watercourse.

A World Class Education Ch 3

The bigger the change, it seems, the more difficult the task. Education is one of the most important things in a childs life, so what happens when someone decides to present new challenges to our way of thinking? Vivian Stewart attempts to bring some very technical points to light in chapter three of her book A World Class Education. Most successful strategys tend to have the same basic elements when it comes to grooming.Strong leadership with intriguing vision is necessary for a profitable future in American instruction. High quality teachers and administrators who focus on global and future orientated goals sponsor guide their students toward a more equitable state. Teacher accountability is also extremely significant the nation board standard number four states that teachers should accomplish to strengthen their skills as an educator and critically examine their practice in do to improve their performance.Lastly, teachers should always keep an open mind for the future and continuously learn new ways to develop curriculum. This relates to national standard number five. In physical science, students are required to manipulate mathematical equations in order to solve for a range of variables. Here in the United States, we use the English system as our standard for measurement However, nearly everywhere else in the world, the metric system is used.I apply global orientation to my classroom by teaching my students the metric system and explaining why it is important for scientists to have the same system of measurement. We should be mindful of learning the way others do things and less consumed with the our own systems when we can all benefit from a unified structure. Stewart, V. (2012). A world-class education learning from international models of excellence and innovation. Alexandria, Virginia ASCD.

Overcoming Pt Lapindo Brantas Case

Civics Individual Paper OVERCOMING PT. LAPINDO BRANTAS HOT MUD CASE By Aditya Rahman Sulaiman 10/HK/295884/19279 International Undergraduate Programme Lapindo hot bollix up swamp matter or we usually called it banjir lumpur panas Lapindo is an event of the unstoppable mud gush in Kecamatan Porong, Kabupaten Sidoarjo, Jawa Timur and this cam stroke turn over been happened since 29 may 2006. There ar 2 views of the cause of this Lapindo hut mud flood case.First, some scholars said that the primary cause of this event was because drilling mistakes and technical problems. Other theory said that it was happened because earthy misfortune, this theory explaining that sooner or later hot mud gush will be arise, the lapindos mining activity is only the t markger. First theory believes that thither is an eror in the mining activity, PT. LAPINDO is suspected non doing a proper procedure in using the correct brace and bit (mata bor), they use it in spite of appearance different depth which has different thickness and causing a fault.In the begininning, PT LAPINDO won a drilling well tender called pengeboran sumur Banjar Panji-1 from PT Medici Citra Nusantara as worth(predicate) as US$24 million. PT LAPINDO was planning to drill the well until 8500 feet or 2590 meter depth. In order to reach that depth, infiltrate the Kujung layer (lapisan batu gamping), stop circulation loss potency (losing mud from the formation cause a high density liquid or mud come up) and kick potency (infiltration of a nonher(prenominal) fluide to the pep pill layer), normally PT LAPINDO is take uped to use a casing for its brace and bit.Running their work, PT LAPINDO has already used 30 inch casing for one hundred fifty feet depth, 20 inch casing for 1195 feet, 16 inch casing for 2385 feet and casing 13-3/8 inch for 3580 feet until 9297 feet, they only not yet put the last casing, the 9-5/8 inch casing for reach the Kujung layer in 8500 feet. The fact is, PT LAPINDO has a wrong prog nosis a drilling term which briefly actor drilling method of some points. They watch a prognosis in different argonas, they making a research of the Kendeng Zone however they drill at the Rembang Zone they assume such areas has same layers, due to those areas are closed enough .They estimate that in the drilling point, Kujung layer will obstruct them at 8500 feet depth, actually there is no Kujung layer within areas. They used some casing which they are dont necessary need to use and make an accident. As consequences, an overpressure mud is mire out to the upper layer in mining process, the lower layer had already broken rapidly and not commensurate with PT LAPINDO method. Then, after reaching 9297 feet the brace and bit touches limestone (batu gamping).LAPINDO thought that the target at Kujung formation has been achieved, in fact they only reach Klitik regularize ( as well as a limestone formation but has different density and porousity). Commensurate with mining procedure, L APINDO use a mining pump to prevent the hot mud come up. The porousity of Klitik zone made the covering mud been spread over that zone and circulation loss happen. afterward the covering mud losing, kick was happened, the hot mud tried to achived upper layer due to density difference.Following the mining procedure, mining process was stopped and the brace and bit has been tried to be lifted up. Unfortunately, the brace and bit was stuck and been cut. A Blow Out Preventer (BOP) on the rig has been closed and another weight mud which has a big number of density was pumped down in order to stopping the kick. Another unexpected mud activity happned, because layer is so porous and the Blow Out Preventer (BOP) was already placed, the hot mud was trying to consider other way. Condition and natural fissures of such soil also could be a factor why this kick ing accident is happen.Since this surface blow out accident happened, the hot mud is not been stopped yet. The odd things is all of t he document and mining procedure especially about casing adroitness is already accepted by BP MIGAS as a responsible bodied of mining. On the other hand, some scholars says that this accident is more homogeneous natural contingency called Mud Vol bottomlando, a layer that has high density mud which presume can provide a mountan if such mud going out to the grime surface, sooner or later a kind of things will happen just matter of time.Prof Dr Sukendar Asikin, master of geology from ITB (Instititut Pertanian Bandung) said that hot mud comes up because there is a tectonic movement below. The movement arise from a contact of Watukosek faulting zone, this faulting zone located on Australia faulting belt and pasifik which continually moving 5,3 cm/year. When the collision happen the hot mud find out way to blow out from any space mostly from a porous rock or layer. A foreign scholar, Dr Amanda Clarke, a master and lecturer from geology in Arizona State Universiy has already observi ng this Sidoarjo case 2 times.In addition, she said that based in geology map, Sidiarjo mud sprout on the straight line between Penagunggan mountain, Weliran mountain and Arjuno mountain which kown as Watukosek fault. The streamline has a weak and thin structure, a fluide can be easily arise. Furthermore, an international event for scholars has tried to make a consent regarding couse of Sidoarjo hot mud case. An International Conference and Exhibition which is held by American Association of Petroletum Geologist on 26th until 29th 2008 in Cape Town International Conference Center, South Africa provide 4 arguments.The arguments are 3 scholars are agree that this accident happen in relation with Jogjakartas earthquake, 42 scholars are agree that Lapindo mining process it the main factor, this accident happened based on combination between mining process and Jogjakartas earthquake is accepted by 13 scholars, and the rest 16 sholars said that they can not designate what the problem yet , based on that data we conclude that more that half scholars attended are agree that Lapindo mining process it the main cause of this accident.This case has been even bigger, not only an accident but the effect on the society is being worse. Talking further about the effect, at least we kick in 3 major effect on the socity such as social, stinting and environmental. In social effect, people around Sidoarjo are losing their houses, feel a dirty sanitation, psychologically interfered, health disturbed, lack of education (some schools are closed) and many more. Can you imagine if such accident to you? Houses is the most important aspect that Sidoarjo case moved(p) people, people around Sidoarjo doesnt have any places to stay.In economic field, financing problem of course happen, people around Sidoarjo mostly jobless by a breaking recruit or other materials which is covered by hot mud, and accessibility from Surabaya to Magelang or to east direction are closed decreasing economic activity within Sidoarjo area. In the environmental effect, most of natural resources within Sidoarjo areas are broken, after covered by hot mud a farm doesnt had any function , a pure and clean lake which people use for wash also has no function anymore and a stinky smell from the mud also affected people.Solution and legal enforce of Lapindos hot mud case are going slow. Compensation that PT LAPINDO already provides is not distributed equally to the LAPINDOs hot mud victims. The LAPINDOs people said that compensation has been given directly by providing cash as often as Rp 2. 500. 000, 00 / meter square damageand transportation money compensation as much as Rp 500. 00, 00 / family (based on tempointeraktif. com date 29 october 2006). The amount of compensation is not firmly publicly determined, because this number has already changed through time, some newspaper said that the compensation is equal as Rp 15. 00. 000,00 per family. In fact, not all of the victims are know about thi s compensation procedure, the other who get this compensation also said that the cash distribution is not as much as what they have been promised previously. Republika newspaper date 27 august 2010 state that Aburizal Bakrie as owner of PT. LAPINDO affiliation company said that personally he has provided moreless Rp 7. 800. 000. 000,00 rupiah and he agree that this accident was because Mud Volcano theory.The government is seems to be not care enough to this case, as an evidence a government regulation in Sidoarjo case, the Presidential rescript number 17 year 2007 is firstly arise 1 year after the accident happen. The Presidential decree number 17 year 2007 also not stipulating anything about PT LAPINDO punishment or compensation, briefly this decree mention about create a Overcoming Disaster Bodied (badan penganggulangan bencana) which shall handle and find a way out about effects of hot mud cases towards society.Moreover, The PT. LAPINDO BRANTAS is proven guilty by not following AMDAL RULES and another rules as follows a) Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2001 tentang Minyak dan Gas Bumi b) Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengelolaan lingkungan Hidup c) Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1997 Nomor 68, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3699) d) Undang-Undang Nomor 32 tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan daerah e) EtcThere is an opinion of some people which said that this hot mud case is not solved yet, because people in government are politically affected by Aburizal Bakrie power. They said that our president itself used his money for the previous presidential general election and he looks like protecting Aburizal Bakrie. These kind of opinion are cant be proved and only like political issues. Yet, the PT LAPINDO is been closed but the overcoming disaster still doesnt work well. Basically, the government has to provide help using its Overcoming Disaster money which stated in State Budget.Actually, the government has done something but it is not equal with amount of hot mud case total damage. Many solutions have been tried regarding this case, the most better one is making the rig accompaniment well. Such cases have happened in Australia and can be solved by this method. The problem is, rig relief well which is done by Pertamina is not runned continually, scholars approximates this rig relief well will be finish within 6 months but accompanied by some political issues, this Pertamina rig relief well making postponed or even stopped after 2 months (it is not firmly stated that this methods will be run again).In my opinion, this hot mud case will be finish fastly if the the political issues doesnt mix up with the case. Aburizal Bakrie and his political power interfere our nation overcoming disaster. The government should act more firm and clear in making decision or further solution. This case also could be an evidence that our nation overcomin g disaster is still need to be repaired. ENCLOSURE 1. 1 Mining Tools Lyte Limited Terafiliasi Kelompok Bakrie Kalila Energi Limited Pan Asia Enterprice Limited PT Energi Mega Persada Tbk (EMP) 15,76% 84,24% 1. 2 Bakries Affiliated Companys 1. 3 Potrait of Society After the Accident Happen

Critical analysis of Bob Dylan’s song “Hurricane” Essay

give chase Dylans iconic songwriting, unique and distinctive singing voice, as healthful as his controversial and thought-provoking lyrics has undoubtedly placed Dylan among the elites of advance(a), American musical history. This is not to say there argon those who dislike and generally do not care for his songwriting, but almost everyone has come in contact with his expansive body of work. Born Robert Allen Zimmerman in 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota, he moved to New York city in 1961 and legally changed his name to pier Dylan in 1962. In the onset of his career Dylan focused on politically charged themes and acoustic/folk reference guitar playing. Protest songs written in the 1960s established a reputation as a free-thinking songwriter engrossed in the trials and tribulations of the times. After a break from this manner, his 1976 album Desire contained the eight and a half minute mega-track Hurricane, which saw a return to the societal-minded songwriting that had helped him mak e his name.Hurricane, is a narrative that describes Dylans ingest account of the events in New Jersey bar in June of 1966, which lead to the arrest and imprisonment of Rubin Hurricane Carter, an American middle-weight boxer. Although this is one of his most popular songs, Dylan no protracted incorporates it in his live sets. Also, despite its popularity, Hurricane, is truly a masterpiece and a wonderful lens with which to examine this great artists literary ardor and influence. Through the exploration of several amateurs analysis coupled with a detailed examination of the actual song lyrics, it is clear that the song Hurricane by Bob Dylan intertwines modern social elements of race and equity, the literary aspects of genre, language and metaphor, and his own unique and individualistic songwriting that has established him on a plateau of excellence rivaled by no otherwise modern artist.The racial aspects of the song ring out louder than any other theme. Upon listening to the song , Dylans emotionally charged singing and sharp lyrics clearly flourish that particular that Rubin Carters skin color had a major influence in his arrest and conviction. This, of course, is just Bob Dylans interpretation however. Evan Schlansky, a critic from American Songwriter.com, explores the issue of race and social equity in his analysis. Hurricane functions like a real live detective story. Its a song that peppers the attendant with rich details and impolite truths, manyof which are enough to make the hairs at the back of your neck stand up (Schlansky, 1). Paterson, New Jersey in the 1960s was a hotbed of racial discrimination and racial issues, and the lyrics explain the direness of the situation.Dylan sings, In Paterson thats just the way things go/If youre black you might as hearty not show up on the street, less you wanna draw the heat (Metrolyrics.com, 1). Dylan is obviously critiquing the law enforcement and judiciary system, as well as striking a chord with racial and political activists everywhere. As mentioned before, Bob Dylans songwriting as always been poignant and controversial and although this song was released ten years after the incident, its themes are just as true. He lays blame on societys elite with the lines, And though they could not produce the gun, the D.A. said he was the one who did the deed, and the all-white panel agreed (Metrolyrics.com, 1). These lines have been regarded as some of Dylans most controversial and along with his use of the N-word, he created an extremely moving and thought-provoking example of how racism is still present in society.The first element of Dylans genre in Hurricane, relate to his writing the song as a narrative. This means he is singing the song as a story being told of the actual accounts as if Dylan himself was in the bar that night. Gerard Steen, in his essay parable in Bob Dylans Hurricane writes, such story format options are to a fault part and parcel of well-conventionalized cognitive genre schemes, such as narrative songs (Steen, 190). Another essential genre aspect of Hurricane, is his utilization of a withstand song. the accusation of false conviction is clear enough to make the song a serious protest song from the beginning (Steen, 189).Protest songs were elemental in establishing Dylans reputation as a singer/songwriter. Hurricane, marked a return to this style of songwriting. Dylan also uses language to convey his message. Usage of extreme language and powerful metaphors enhance the drama and suspense that builds throughout the song. The metaphors used by Dylan are key to his message. moreover these metaphors are not always clearly displayed throughout the verses, and the reader (or listener) usually has to make up his/her mind (Steen, 196). These important elements of literary style add to the entailment and complexity of this monumental work.Aside from his singing voice, Dylans unique songwriting as placed him in a class of his own even among his pee rs. Hurricane, is a bewitching piece to examine based on his return to the in-the-moment style songwriting that had made him famous in the 1960s. Previous staples of Dylans first albums like The Lonesome last of Hattie Carroll, and Who Killed Davey Moore?, had plots seemingly taken right from the papers and words beautifully woven into songs in a way completely peculiar to his own style.In fact many critics argue that the song may have fit more unto one of his earlier albums such as Masters of War or The Freewheelin Bob Dylan (Schlansky, 1). The fact that this song was not released until 1976 also leads to the element of surprise that Dylan (ever the individual) would ever back-track to his previous writing styles. Harking back to the days when he used to rip his song ideas from the headlines of newspapers, Dylan masterfully sums up and dramatizes Carters story, and also manages to embarrass the system by coming off smarter than every lawyer, cop, and jury on the case. To live out side the law, you moldiness be honest (Schlansky, 1).Through the exploration of several critics analysis coupled with a detailed examination of the actual song lyrics, it is clear that the song Hurricane by Bob Dylan intertwines modern social elements of race and equity, the literary aspects of genre, language and metaphor, and his own unique and individualistic songwriting that has established him on a plateau of excellence rivaled by no other modern artist. Although there are those who do not enjoy Dylans music, one would be hard-pressed to find somebody who had never heard of him.He is undoubtedly one of the most famous and influential American musicians of all-time. Hurricane, stands as one of Dylans true masterpieces and incorporates the best aspects of his literary style and songwriting capabilities. The song was so influential many believe it even helped to get Rubin Carter released from jail and acquitted of all charges. but only Hurricane actually helped get someone out of jail, even if it did take 12 years (Schlansky, 1). In conclusion, Hurricane, is a song that will stand the test of time, and shines as a beacon of operation in an immense and critically acclaimed body of work.Works CitedLevy, J., Dylan, B., Hurricane. 15 May 2009. http//www.metrolyrics.com/hurricane- lyrics-bob-dylan.html.Schlansky, Evan. The 30 Greatest Bob Dylan Songs 21 Hurricane. 2009. American Songwriter.com. 15 May 2009. .Steen, Gerard. Metaphor in Bob Dylans Hurricane genre, style and language. 15May 2009. http//books.google.com/books?id=O1R79- TsVKoC&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&dq=literary+criticism+%22hurricane%22&s ource=bl&ots=Ioa4GCmjjQ&sig=MYMBoFGCnh0yV3ihRZ9gRLmnRXQ&hl=e n&ei=jqgNSopHYzCMdmhpbYG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4 PPA183,M1.

Bhagvad Gita

You have 7 reaction papers due throughout the semester. Please enchant the syllabus for due dates. The prompt/question get out be posted one week before the response is due. You may drop 2 responses for every reason. Each response is worth 20 points. You will be graded on how well you answer the question or respond to the prompt. This means you should give evidence from the lecture or readings/films to support what you be saying.While this is not a formal paper, you must use good grammar, complete sentences, and proper citation methods if you consider to quote, for example, the textbook. Responses should be -?200-250 words. Please avoid making them much longer. You will lose points if your response is significantly shorter than the word requirement. Please type your response and use example 12 point font and standard margins. Papers should be posted on Encounters on the due date no later than 11 PM.Late response papers will not be accepted without proper documentation of il lness or emergency. The prompt/question for each response will be posted on Encounters by the Tuesday before (-?one week) Its due. Remember These papers are intended to engage with the material and think about the abstract concepts that we will be covering in this course. In addition, these papers give you the opportunity to compare aspects of the tradition and think critically about what we learn.For Response 7-Please respond to the following question/prompt. Answer the following In the context of the Baghdad Gala. Why doesnt Aragua want to fight in the war? What reasons does he give? How does Krishna respond? What are the two Identities of the human being? Which one Is more Important and why? What is the goal of life according to the Krishna? How does one achieve It? Clearly explain and show sure to answer all parts of the question. Provide at three direct examples from the Baghdad Gait In your answer.

Book Thief

Adriana Alvarez Ms. Spooner Survey Lit, Period 2 September 17, 2011 Diagnostic Book Thief Essay Assignment Sometimes in literature, a personalitys actions oppose the ideals, values, morals, etc. of his or her society. A character in The Book Thief who opposes his or her society is Rudy Steiner. Of course, there was a purpose for Zusak to actualise Rudy exactly the way he did. Rudy was a little boy when we first meet him, and we see him grow up in one of the most exorbitant eras of our worlds history. At the end of the story Rudy had a deep anger towards Hitler, saying the quote where he wants to kill him. (Zusak, pg) But he wasnt always like that. In the beginning he didnt really care. At first, he didnt even fully escort what was going on. He was nothing but a little kid. This is what Zusak was trying to hit at. A lot of kids that went through the whole Nazi era didnt really understand what was going on, and therefore didnt really care. It doesnt mean they didnt care about the J ews they were just too young to comprehend what was going most them. However, as the story progressed, Rudy changed his mind.Again, Zusak was making him symbolize all those little kids back in those days. Rudy changed his mind, because Hitler affected him directly. Hitler tried to take him to a school away from his family, and consequently ended up taking his father away. It wasnt until Rudy was directly and personally affected by Hitlers actions that he started to show remorse against him. It wasnt until and then that Rudy started to realize what was going on around him. Another way that Rudy opposes the ideals and morals of his society, is the whole Jesse Owes incident.Jesse Owens was a famous and respected gold medaled runner. However, he was African American. He wasnt what was expected light skin, light hair and colored eyes. The fact that Rudy cover himself head to toe in charcoal, and was running as fast as he could, trying to impersonate Jesse Owens, would of been frowned upon. Yet, I just wish I was like Jesse Owens, Papa. (Zusak,60) said Rudy. Jesse Owens overall was not approved of. But Rudy didnt care. He had an idol, and he precious to be like him, no matter what others said or thought.And Rudy often did this. He believed what he wanted to believe, he did what he wanted to do, and listened to who he wanted to listen to, whether people approved or not. He was to young when the whole Jesse Owens incident occurred, and he didnt understand that if someone had seen him covered in coal they couldve sent him to the camps. Luckily only his father had seen him. Zusak uses Rudy in representation of kids, such as himself, who didnt understand that even the slightest action make out of the norm could have cost them their life.Rudy helps Zusak show how the Nazi era affected even the kids, how it changed their point of view and their way of living. Overall, Rudy along with the other characters forget Zusak to write about the Nazi era in a new way. In a way that hits us like a bag bricks and leaves us thinking about how we could have let someone hurt others so much and the endless points of view that were forever changed. Zusak reminds us that there are remedy thousands of people and perspectives that we havent thought of or tried on for a change of shoes.

Philosophy of life: wisdom and meaning of life Essay

Good afternoon Dear Audience, today I am here(predicate) to speak most virtu solelyything we be alone going through. b argonly first of any, let me start with some questions. I am sure that we all tried to find the answers to them at least once in a life period. Do you know what is Time? Or What is Space? Maybe you know what is Conscience? Or what is a Dream? Is on that point Heaven? or Hell? How can we live without knowing whether we are the ones to choose our own paths? And are we sure that we really Live? So many questions remain unanswered. And all these issues and many many others are in a constant connection with our Lives. keep is something we are all here going through and this is simply the thing I would like to talk about today. on that point are a lot of technical definitions for the word Life, further can we really fit the solely meaning of this word in a sentence from the dictionaries, most of which claim that Life is the aspect of human descriptor that pro cesses, acts, reacts, evaluates, and evolves through reproduction and metabolism.But what is life really about, if anything? Basically, scientists, today are contemplating about 2 execut adequate theories. That life is either a unimportant accident arising from the laws of physics operating in a meaningless universe, or it is a step in a so-called planned experiment. I phrase step, for this, cannot be the end. The current state of life is yet too unstable and undeveloped for it to be the end. And I say experiment since the evolutionary temperament of life suggests that its future is unknown. If therefore the universe itself has a purpose, it seems most likely to be to explore what the outcome of the evolutionary experiment would be.And here comes the question of what kind of the outcome will we eventually acquire. In our contemporary world, we all get to listen to scientific debates on how, when and where life will come to an end. However, questions remain which may never be res olved. In this vacuum, philosophers and religious thinkers amaze attempted to give meaning to life by suggesting goals Plato suggested the acquisition of knowledge, Aristotle to practice virtue, and the Stoics, mental fortitude and self-control. at presents philosophers echo the existentialist view that life is full of absurdity, although they also tell us that we essential put meaning into life by making our own values in an indifferent world. But if life is just a journey from womb to tomb, will such meaning be enough to allow the traveler at journeys end to feel that it was worthwhile?The worthwhile journey, the Beginning, and the End, blood and Death, talking about Life I can not skip on talking about Time. All animals except humans live in a continual present, with no sense of the impermanent distinctions of past, present, and future. Our consciousness of time is, therefore, one of the most important distinguishing features of humankind. It comes as no surprise, then, tha t from time immemorial, philosophers, t from each oneers, and theologians gravel speculated on the true nature of time. Does time have a substance and, if so, what is it made of? How do we know that time really exists? Does time have a beginning and an end? There is a general organization among philosophers that time is continuous and that it has an intrinsic direction or order. There is also a more or less general agreement that it is objective, rather than subjective or dependent on its being consciously experienced, and also that so many different physical processes bear consistent time relations to each other. However, even given that, many differing opinions and approaches to what time in reality is have been put forward over the centuries.Presently, most websites and books on the subject begin with a candid admission that time is a curious and lubricious concept which continues to defy definitive explanation despite hundreds, even thousands, of years of toilsome. We are t old that time is oracular and ineffable, besides that does not help us much in our search for the true nature of time. Nearly two and a half thousand years ago, Aristotle contended that time is the most unknown of all unknown things, and arguably not much has changed since then.Despite the particular that we dont know exactly what time is, we still try to develop and move forward. Throughout my entire speech, Ive been constantly repeating one word. WE. Just 2 letters. Do you know what they mean, since I dont? We call ourselves military man beings. And, actually, being a human today does not necessarily mean being humane, being able to read or write, being able to work and provide yourself with everything that is needed. Generally speaking, the main features that distinguish us from animals are our abilities to think unconventionally, speak multiple languages, develop all-around spheres, from literature to sciences, from arts to business, and ,of course, we are different, since we conceptualise in more than what we see and we hope for more than what we possess.Lately, Ive been thinking about our Lives a lot, and I couldnt resist the desire to share my thoughts with you, which, of course, are backed up by the scientific facts and evidence. enchantment thinking about it, Ive listened to myself carefully and eventually noticed that inexplicable vocalization speaking from within. intimately of the time we dont pay enough heed towards this part of our being., however, it should not be taken for granted. Some call it inner voice, others prefer to call it conscience. This is the reason, employed in questions of right and wrong. It is that within a man which approves or condemns his actions. The inner voice is a principle without which a man falls good into temptation, and every temptation succumbed to means degradation of his best instincts. He feels that he is no overnight the same, but something weaker, something polluted, and the secret uneasiness and s elf-reproach which pursue him are the biting of conscience. Even though this voice should evoke all the notions of what is right and what is wrong there are some whose ideas of justice and injustice are so perverted that even the most wicked actions bring no remorse and at quantify even win their approval. Principles are not born in a man but are the result of training and association. It should be the endeavor of all of us, so that when temptation comes we will not fall, but resist it, and with every victory strengthen our character until we grow into noble, firm and self-reliant people. So, wherever you go and whatever you do your inner voice is always there, whispering the right answer.From time everlasting, weve always been trying to find the answers to as many questions as possible. We come up with the possible explanations, however, there is no-one out there to say that we are moving in a right direction. Who knows, maybe we are just nonchalant ourselves, and while, relying on our own science, we try to explain the inexplicable, we are increasingly driving ourselves into the jungles, from which, one day, we will not be able to find a way out. Just look at all the international conspiracy theories, most of which seem not only inconceivable but totally delirious. Let me clear couple of them in order for you to have a comprehensive picture of what I am actually talking about.The water fluoridation theory, for instance, claims that the water we drink actually contains fluorite, which allegedly brainwashes the entire population of the hide out and makes us susceptible to inculcation. Or the other theory which states that the Moon does not exist, since its a manuscript put there by someone unknown. And finally, the theory which assures us that lizard people, also known as reptilians run the world. What the believers actually propose is that the top echelon of our government is actually controlled by shape-shifting reptilian aliens, who have been lording authority over humans to turn them into mindless slaves for their own purposes.I can not deny the fact that hundreds of conspiracy theories look like the ravings of a madman, however, how can we be so sure that all of these funny guesses come from nowhere? How can we be so sure about something yet unknown? We have to set priorities for ourselves. This is all about our Lives, not anyone elses. In todays ruthless world you either live in lies and ignorance, or you leave your carefree life behind and go search for the Truth. Life is just a wink of an eye if one thinks of eternity. Its fast and its short but its worth every single second since it can not be bought, it can not be changed nor can it be returned, ever. And in order to make your Life a worthwhile journey, be sure to rejoice in every single day as if it is the last one you have. thank You for Your attention

Office Star Usefull for Market Research

Background OfficeStar, a regional chain of office supply stores, has decided to launch its give birth ink cartridge holder line of products. The goal of the company is to compete with the usual actors in the market by offering a lower-priced product to its core customers, with which it hopes to capture significant market sh ar in that business. The constitute figures for this market are as follows .. The market for ink cartridges in the region is approximately 2. 3 billion units sold every quarter (to simplify, we assume 2. 3 million customers buy one ink cartridge each). ..The production cost of an ink cartridge is $6. 50 it is sold at a price of $19. 95 in stores, leading to a gross margin of $13. 45. .. OfficeStar has a house list of 500,000 identified authorization customers, to whom the company could send samples if that were deemed profitable. .. Sending a sample costs $3 in shipping and handling. near before launching the product line, OfficeStar hired a market research company to perform simulations and medical prognosis the future market share of the product. Results were disappointing. The market research company has identified two key issues ..Prospective customers are unwilling to try this product, and most appear likely to remain loyal to their current provider (usually, the correspondent manufacturer). .. Even for those customers willing to try the product, market research pretests show a low level of take on sales. Exercise As the new product manager of the OfficeStar ink cartridge product line, you wanted to expose the opportunities and ways to penetrate stronghold of OEMs. Data from 40 respondents was captured and is available in OfficeStar Data. xls file. Carry out sectionalisation study and report your findings in the form of 1 page memo.

Ethnography of Speaking Essay

The denomination Ethnography of speak towards a Linguistics of Praxis by Alessandro Duranti provides thorough study of language spend in everyday life of a particular speech community. Actually, the condition discusses peculiarities of language use involving communicatory competence, context, speech communities, speech events, speech acts and conversation analysis.This study is centered on a situation give-and-take intend that linguistic performance is evaluated in terms of socio-cultural rules of order and language. It is noted that ethnography of communicate (ES) is bear on with finding relations between language use and local systems of knowledge and social conduct. The author discusses the goals of the speech, attributes of linguistic code and provides definitions of main terms involved in the discussion of language use.The author admits that ethnographers of speaking are interested in analyzing language use. The author claims that the notion of language use is strictly related to to the view of sociolinguistics as merely a different methodology, a different way of obtaining data.However, ES define language use as the use of linguistic code in terms of a particular culture or community. The author assumes that unity of language is only illusion and in order to interpret the sign it is necessary to analyze the context. The goals of ES are to establish social identities and relationships, to explain how it is doable to change the world, to provide frames for speech events and act and, finally, to break social and cultural barriers.It is necessary to notice that ethnographical study wants to describe knowledge required by participants to communicate successfully with each other. Therefore, speaking or not speaking is significant for all human interactions. The process of speaking is, thus, constitutive of reality meaning that speaking makes something already existing present to the participants or creates something anew. Finally, the author discuss es the role of speaking in shaping peoples life. Why speaking is important for human interactions?Works CitedDuranti, Alessandro. Ethnography of Speaking Towards Linguistics of Praxis. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.

Gangs & sub-cultural theories Essay

A halo is a sepa ordinate of individuals that turn out a common individuation and works towards a common goal. The current use of goods and services of the term implies a abominable group. Its early usage was to stir to a positionion of workmen. In the United Kingdom the term is still used to refer to workmen, simply it has chthonicgone semantic change. The term is one that carries a negative meaning nevertheless, within a group that identifies itself with antagonism to favorable norms, associates of the group might decide to use the term as a contract bridge of identity or rebelliousness. There atomic number 18 a parcel of reports of criminal actions commit by aggroups by government agency of egress the world.There be parts of the world and societies where gang activities atomic number 18 so everyday causing study problems to distinct countries. There atomic number 18 cases of documented gangs and gang members in criminology literature. Some of these gangs a rgon well known, non only by the law enforcers, but also by the members of the corporation. band fundamental law is a construct that has been in place since the 13th century. During this time, it is said that children from poor families and the orphans in the United Kingdom obtained their means of excerption done becoming members of gangs that were managed by adult evil perpetrators (Allen, 2005).These gangs were basically intricate in pick pocketing. Gangs cite themselves by the use of distinct signs, symbols and names. They be known to cause harm, threaten, harass and intimidate some otherwise members of the inn. Gang violence is a term that is used to refer to criminal activities that atomic number 18 perpetrated by gangs. Throughout bill, such activities have been known to be perpetrated by gang members. There is a time in history when all the major(ip) cities around the world were haunted by gangs. During this time gang violence became prevalent all over the wo rld.Contemporary gangs have introduced fresh genials of violence. These acts are in most cases used as rite of passage for those wishing to be germ part of the group (Allen, 2005). There have been a lot of theories developed to explain the causes of gangs and gang violence. Some of the theories are similar while other others are different in explaining gang organization and execration in the cabaret. These theories are very important in correspondence why round people are more than devoted to annoyance then others and why round people are more carely to join gangs than others.Two of the most common theories on offensive activity include the attain hypothesis and the sub-cultural guess (Akers, 2000). The main similarity between the ii theories is that they both picture gang formation from a amicable point of view. They are however different in a number of ways, one of them being the fact that their focus is on different elements of the baseball club (Allen, 2005). This paper compares and contrasts stretch out and sub-cultural theories in explaining gangs and gang violence. The paper first discusses the meaning and background information of the 2 theories. The Strain hypothesisThe strain theory holds that the societal structures that are within a society may be change reckons to some individuals becoming members of a gang and being involved in crime. Strain refers to the elements in the society or in a mortal that softens to committing of crime. There are cardinal kinds of strain structural or individual. Structural is the processes within the agriculture that filter down and control individuals perceptions of their needs. For example, a deposit of inadequacy in social structures and regulations can asterisk to transformation in the way a person perceives his or her needs.Individual perceptions to the means and opportunities can also be trans make (Akers, 2000). This is what causes people perpetrate crime either as individuals or in a gang. From the individual viewpoint, it refers to the pressures and afflictions that a person suffers as he or she searches for ways and means to cater for his or her requirements. This means that the objectives of the society becomes very important to a person such that their achievement becomes more important that the ways of achieving them (Cohen, 1965). People follow in a society that is full of requirements and expectations.Where individuals cannot access their needs through the pompous countenance ways, they t finish to use the wrongful ways. Where individuals are in a society where they cannot access their needs practicely with the use of the conventional legitimate needs, they head for the hills to become disappointed. This timbre of despair that is associated with the incapability to realize the requirements is the one that is being referred to as strain. It is this feeling that causes people who are unable to acquire their needs to be involved in crime (Aker s, 2000).In many instances, young people will be able to access the unconventional or unlawful means through becoming members of gangs. This reveals the fact that gangs are as a will of strains that act upon individuals in striving to achieve expectation. In a gang, young people bunk to overhear what they were unable to get in living within the social norms. They find company, finances and most of all the means to acquire what they desire. The theory explains how social elements like poverty, homelessness, and lack of proper parental care can lead to formation of delinquent activities and groups (Cohen, 1965).Sub-cultural theory The sub-cultural theory as used in criminology originated from the efforts of the boodle School on gangs. This theory was then advanced via the symbolic interactionism school. The theory was advanced into a series of premises that put forward the argument that some factions or sub-cultures in the community have some principles and approaches that are favourable for crime and aggression. This supports the argument that crime is dominant in some cultures or societies than others.This theory focuses on crime committed by young people, mostly in gangs. It is argued that when crime is not controlled from this level, it passs on to adolescent and finally to adulthood (Akers, 2000). Gangs that are formed at the early age in life, tend to graduate to maturity, and continue recruiting the youths. The theory states that if the patterns of crime can be comprehended and controlled from the level of juvenile delinquency, it would be possible to prevent the move to teenage offender and also to adult criminals.It is believed that where the sub-culture is favourable for crime, it stimulates from an early age, graduating to adolescent and netly to adulthood (Miller, 1959). husbandry place uprights for the traditions, ways of life and principles that act as the guide to personality. It is also from these aspects that personality is judged b y people. Passage of culture is essentially through social rather than biological ways. This is where the values and principles within a society are transmitted from one generation to the following. A sub-culture is a culture that exists within the larger culture.This culture lie of distinct elements of values, norms and customs that are different from the larger culture but does not essentially stand for a culture considered non-standard by many people. A sub-culture is distinguished from the larger culture for op mail that acts against the larger culture. This offers the explanation why in some parts of a society, especially the poorest regions, on that point are some kinds of behaviour that have developed into a standard and tend to be passed from one generation to the next. happy crime perpetrators tend to be function models to the others, revealing likelihood victory through criminal activities and its normality. This is where the aged(a) members of gangs tend to influenc e youths into their activities. The cultural arrangement is directed by many principles, traditions, and standards that force people to hand gangs that have unique characters. The sub-cultures that are developed tend to be more diverse than the main bourgeon culture (Miller, 1959). Similarities between the two theories in explaining gangs The two theories take a social perspective in explaining gang formation and gang violence.They both offer the claim that gangs are as a outlet of the kind of society within which people live. Despite the fact that the two theories describe different ways that the society contributes to gangs, the two argue that society is the main causative element to gang formation and gang violence. In strain theory, people become members of gangs and commit gang violence as a case of residing in a society where their needs are not able to be met. It is as a result of the social manakin where a person exists that determines the kind of behaviour that he or s he exhibits.In the United Kingdom, individuals are always in pursuit of wealth property, power, education, and other social occasions that ensure a flourishing life (Akers, 2000). It is due to their living conditions that the lower class is not in a position to satiate these needs adequately. They are not in a position to acquire these needs in conventional legal means. This according to the strain theory is what leads people to join gangs where there opportunities to acquire their needs. Sub-cultural theory explains that it is in a society that is predisposed to crime that people are influenced to join gangs.In a sub-culture where crime is condoned and pardoned, there tends to be many gangs. The young people tend to be influenced by the older members of gangs. In fact, the older members act as role models to the youths. It is therefore evident from the two theories that the society plays the central role in gang formation and consequently to the gang violence. The two theories i ntroduce blocked-goals as the producing factors of deviant characteristics, like gang formation (Shaw, 1930). The strain theory in explaining violence is described similarly to functionalist theory under(a) sub-cultural theories.Functionalist holds that gangs are motivated by financial requirements. This is the same case with the strain theory that holds that financial requirements lead people to commit crime. The functionalist theory states that adolescents are motivated by material gain to be involved in gangs. From this point of view, the sub-cultural theory becomes similar to the strain theory in explaining crime. Here the motivating factor to crime under the two theories is the achievement of material gain in a society where this is not possible through conventional legitimate needs.Where youths are faced with situations where they are not in a position to fulfil their requirements due to the elements in the society that leads to inadequacy, they tend to join others who share their predicaments. These groups, the gangs, operate in unison, sharing the same identity and motivated by a common goal, which is achievement of their needs. This leads to the fact that the end results of the two theories are similar (Shaw, 1930). The end results of gangs and gang violence as explained by the two theories are similar.The strain theory presents the claim that individuals are influenced by the need to obtain their requirements in an inadequate social environs. This is what leads them to use of illegitimate means. The end result of the act is acquisition of finances or property through illegitimate means. As per the sub-cultural theory, the basic values of a group are what cause a person to be involved in crime. Given situations where the children in the working class cannot to achieve academically as a result of social or cultural factors, they tend to feel that it is impossible to obtain anything through conventional means (Akers, 2000).Such children gather themse lves in groups or gangs of people that share their predicaments. They involve themselves in crime and gang violence means to acquire wealth and property. The end result of the action is acquisition of finances or property through illegitimate means. This reveals the fact that the result of gangs as explained by the two theories is acquisition of finances and property. The two theories reveal means to the same end (Akers, 2000). The society has put a lot of pressure on people to attain high achievement and success.Competition and the need for success is one value that is glorified in the society. This means that as per the two theories there are forces and pressures that lead to gang formation and involvement. These are the forces and pressures that lead people to strive to achieve and become powerful, without caring about the means for doing so. The legitimate means may be difficult to acquire, making the illegitimate means more preferable. fit to the sub-cultural theory, the force s are the structural constraints. The individuals who join gangs are people who feel completely powerless.They are pushed by the society and end up defying the rules and regulations. The forces as per the sub-cultural theory push people to act as per the societys expectations (Akers, 2000). According to the strain theory, the forces that act on individuals are the strains. Individuals tend to be involved in gang activities where they are not in a position to cope with the strains. There are series of events and circumstances that hamper individuals from attaining their expectations. This could be major or minor state of affairs and circumstances that sight and discourage with time.Dissatisfaction causes displeasure, abhorrence and annoyance. All these are attitudes connected with strain in gang formation. It is a normal human nature to develop feeling of desperation and frustration where they are not in a position to get what they want (Shaw, 1930). Differences between the two theo ries in explaining gangs Despite the fact that the two theories retain on the fact that the social environment is responsible for causing gang formation, the ways in which the society is responsible tend to differ. The strain theory emphasises on strain and stressing forces of gang formation.The sub-cultural theory on the other hand emphasises on factions as the causing factors of gang formation. The strain theory states that individuals will be pressure to join gangs where they are not in a position to gather financial success through legitimate ways. The sub-cultural theory claims that people are pushed into gangs where they belong to sub-cultures that excuse, justify or approve of gangs. Societies that excuses and tolerates acts of violence and stealing, tend to produce more gangs than others (Miller, 1959).The two theories differ in their explanation of the primary cause of gang formation. magic spell the strain theory presents the argument that gang formation is motivated by financial success, the sub-cultural theory argues that gangs are not motivated by money success as the strain theory suggests, but by the pressure of all the dominant values in the society. The adolescent tend to develop what Merton refers to social perspective frustration, where they are not able to achieve academically. This is what convinces them that they are not capable of gaining anything through conventional means.In this case, their motivating factor is not primarily financial success. They end up in gangs through this conviction, although the ultimate goal is financial success. The difference in the two theories comes up in the motivating factors to gang formation and involvement. As per the strain theory the key pauperism is money success, while for the sub-cultural theory the key motivation factor is the misadventure to succeed through legitimate means in a society that is prone to crime (Shaw, 1930). There is a difference in the nature of the environment as explained by the two theories.However, this does not nullify the fact that the social environment is what basically explains crime and gangs. In the sub-cultural theory, the social environment is one where there is prevalence of crime that is passed from one generation to the following. This means that the theory explains a society where crime is almost a norm. This kind of social environment is not revealed in the strain theory. According to the sub-cultural theory, in most cases, the society has already established illegitimate opportunity structure.The younger members of gangs learn criminal actions from the older members. This is what it basically referred to as learning the tricks of the trade (Akers, 2000). The sub-culture makes it clear to the youths that crime is a norm. As per the strain theory, the social environment is one where are goals that need to be achieved. Individuals in this kind of environment are aware of the objectives and how it is crucial to achieve them. There are h owever some individuals in this environment who lacks the means to attain the social expectations.For the serious need to realize these expectations and the importance of achieving them, some people result to gang involvement. From this perspective, gangs are formed by the society through creation of expectations without availing the means to achieve them (Shaw, 1930). The social environments in which gangs are formed are different for the two theories. While sub-cultural revealed the argument that gangs can be formed in a negative social environment that is already prone to crime, the strain theory presents the crime that gangs can either be formed in a lordly or negative social environment.The argument according to the strain theory is that individuals real expectations or the expected blow to attain positive values set up by the society, real or elimination of positive incentive, and real or expected presentation of negatively valued incentive all cause strain. In a positive so cial environment, individuals turn to gangs where they are not in a position to live up to the standards set up by the society. Where individuals are not treated in the way they expect, they relieve trust with the ability of others to help them meet their expectations.Frustration and dissatisfaction establish negative interactions. This is so because of the desire to nutrition off hostile rejections. This is what leads to people finding those of their kind people who are in a position to help them create a sense of belonging and acceptance. This kind of environment is achieved through membership to gangs. Gangs are basically constituted by people who feel that the society is not supportive. The sub-cultural theory operates from the conflicting side. This kind of society is one that does not expect anything positive from its people.The reason for this is that the society is already predisposed to crime. This reveals that different the strain theory, this theory operates solely fro m a negative environment (Miller, 1959). There is another contradiction under the two theories, where in the sub-cultural theory gangs are a way of living up to the social expectations of cruelty and smartness, while under the other theory gangs are established due to the inability to live up to social expectations. It is expected under the sub-cultural theory for individuals in the lower class to be involved in gang violence.This is indirectly by the need from the society to be tough and street-wise. This is what motivates then to join groups, bulge getting involved in criminal activities, and find fun in defying the regulations of the land. From the strain theory perspective, failure to live up to the expectations of the society is what forces individuals into gangs and gang violence. Every society has set up expectations that its members are divinatory to live up to. Where people lack the means to achieve these expectations they tend to become members of groups that help them in attaining them.Failure to reach the expectations may also make some to defy against the law as a way of revealing or dealing with their frustration (Shaw, 1930). Strengths and failinges of the theories The two theories are good resources in explaining gangs, but this can be best illustrated through the sub-cultural theory. Thrasher (1927) defines gang through the process that they undertake in formation of groups. The gang is an interstitial group originally formed spontaneously, and then integrated through conflict.It is characterized by the following types of behavior meeting face to face, milling, movement through space as a unit, conflict, and planning. The result of this collective behavior is the development of tradition, unreflective internal structure, esprit de corps, solidarity, morale, group awareness, and attachment to a local land (Thrasher, 1927, p. 46). The theory explains the fact that gangs originate from a very early age, through formation of play groups. The groups begin getting involved in simple mischief. They culminate into gangs when they begin to excite themselves with disproval and misbehavior.This is where they begin developing a clear(p) group-consciousness. The social environment encourages gang crimes because of the fact that it is already predisposed to crime. Thrasher gives a verbal description of the way the society can be favorable to delinquent behavior. He claims that gang sub-cultures came up from cracks or interstices of neglect in the teenage years. The argument of Thrasher is supported by Shaw (1930), through the claim that gang acts are passed by older boys to the younger ones. Such gangs are found in areas with high rate of single-parent homes, joblessness and low education.These are the areas of ghettos, and slums. The theories explain the reasons why gangs tend to be more in the lower class than in the middle class. The theory that is preferable here is the sub-cultural theory. This is apparent in the arguments of Miller (1959), who supports the arguments of Cohen. Miller supports the fact that delinquency is a sub-culture, but one that is found within the lower class. There is a clear-cut division between the lower and the middle class. The two classes stand for different traditions and principles. The middle class tend focus on accomplishment and social goals.The other class focuses on the need of their children to stay out is trouble. This class expects their children to be rough and street-wise. This becomes the motivation behind establishing and joining gang groups. Considering the fact that their lives tend to be boring for lack of exciting social activities, they tend to embrace crime as an exciting social activity. This is what makes them start to engage in unlawful activities. They get a sense of freedom by passing play against the social system that is established by the society. For the lower class, there is another practice that plays a major responsibility in their social lif e.This institution is same-sex peer groups. To them, this institution is more significant than any other in the society. This is because of the social belonging that it renders. It is from these groups that they are in a position to gain status, one thing they cannot access in the conventional society. They develop a unique identity and work towards a contingent goal (Miller, 1959). Despite the fact that the two theories are significant in explaining the reasons behind the formation of gangs, they do not reveal the origins of the motivating factors and forces, which would be helpful in defining possible solutions.This is a weakness revealed by the two theories. This reveals the fact that the explanation of the two theories is incomplete. Up to the point where the strain theory is explained by Akers (2000), there are only kinds of the strains that are discussed and nothing is discussed about their sources. The frictions of situations are only revealed as impeding the attainment or expectations. There is no discussion about where they come from. Even in the sub-cultural theory, there is no much discussion on the structural constraints that are shown to be the forces behind delinquency. The theories fail in finding out the solutions to the problem.The theories can only be used in describing the source of the problem and not the effects and solution to the problem (Akers, 2000). Conclusion This paper compares and contrasts strain and sub-cultural theories explain gangs and gang violence. These two are very crucial in criminology for offering an insight as to the causes of crime in the society. The two have some common as well as different aspects in explaining gang formation and gang-related crimes. The two explain the causes of crime from social perspective and reveal similar end results, which is crime for attainment of wealth and property.The theories reveal strong forces that lead people to committing crime. The two forces are structural constraints for the sub-cultural theory and strains for the strain theory. These are some of the similarities but there are a number of differences between the two. The focus of the two is on varying elements of the social environment. The two also give varying accounts of the reasons why the society leads to crime. The theories are a crucial way of explaining gangs are formed in the society. This is achieved by describing their causes. There is need for further studies to come up with solutions to this problem. (Word count=4,065)References Shaw, C. (1930). The Jackroller A Delinquent Boys Own Story. Reprint edition 1966. dough The University of Chicago Press. Miller, W. (1959). Implications of Urban Lower-Class Culture for Social Work. The Social Service Review. Vol. 33, 219-236. Cohen, A. (1965). The Sociology of the Deviant Act anomy Theory and Beyond, American Sociological Review 30 5-14. Akers, R. (2000). Criminological Theories Introduction, Evaluation, and Application. Los Angeles Roxbury. Al len, M. (2005). Textbook on Criminal Law. Oxford Oxford University Press. Thrasher, F. M. (1927). The Gang. Chicago University of Chicago Press.