History and Significance of Oceanography

business relationship and conditional relation of maritimeicologyDr. Sajjad Hussain SajjadIntroduction marineology is a branch of universe science which deals with the shoot of world oceans oceanography is a boarder bourne in which galore(postnominal) sciences foc occasiond on the normal goal of understanding then oceans. Geology, Physics, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Botany, Zoology, Mathematics, and Meteorology entirely play fundamental role in the expanding over intimacy of the oceans. Geological oceanology is the cartoon of solid ground at the ocean edge below its surface and the chronicle which poses ocean basin. Physical Oceanography deals the causes and properties of body of water movement such as waves currents and tides. Physical Oceanography also poses the study of the transmission of energy such as sound light and heat in sea water and the study of heat transfer and water pass is c all tolded Marine Meteorology. Chemical oceanography deals with composition a nd bill of the water. Biological Oceanography is the study of all marine organism and the inter playaction between on that point organism and the environment. The study of the oceans was promoted by intellectual and the social forces as strong as by our need for marine resources and trade etc. Oceanography started conversional, it began to develop as a modern science in the middle 1800 s. Our progress towards the goal of understanding the ocean has been un plane and it has frequently changed direction. The enkindle and need of nations as well as the intellectual curiosity of scientists find controlled the rate at which we study the ocean.ObjectivesHistorical overview of OceanographyScope and Significance of OceanographyMain body of assignmentHistorical overview of OceanographyThe ahead of time Times passels spend a penny been gathering information about the ocean for millennia accumulating bits and pieces of acquaintance and passing it on by word of mouth. Curious individu als must have acquired their first composition of the oceans from wondering the sea margin. Wading in the shallows and gathering food for apprehension from the ocean edge. During Palaeolithic period the humans true the barbed, spear, or grab and the gorge. At the beginning of the Neolithic period the bone weighthook was developed and later(prenominal) the net. As early human moved slowly out-of-door from their in land. Centres of development, they were prep be to take the benefits of seafood sources when they first researchd and later colonised along the ocean shore. The remaining of shell and refuse in heaps know as kitchen maddens have been found at these sites of ancient shore settlement. The artefacts that have been found probably give us to a greater extent(prenominal)over an idea of the minimum extent of ancient short ancient. Mediterranean the ancient Greeks caught take and traded fish while the Phoenicians founded fishing settlement such as the fisherman town Sidon that grew into definitive trading ports. Some historian believes that seagoing ships of all kinds ar derived from early Egyptian vessels. The first recorded travel by sea was led by pharaoh snafu about 3200 B.C. The Phoenicians who equald in open day Lebanon from about 1200 to 146 B.C. were well known as excellent sailors and navigator. The Phoenicians were the nonwithstanding nation in the voice at that time that had a navy. They traded with the Mediterranean Sea with inhabitants of North Africa, Italy, Greece, France and Spain. In 1999 the wreckage of two Phoenician freight rate vessels circa 750 B.C. was explored using remotely operated vehicles (ROVS) that could dive to the wreckage and send back live motion-picture show images of ships. Ptolemy (C.A.D.127-51) developed the world first map collection and drawing the world boundaries to the northeastward the British Isles Northern Europe and the strange land of Asia to the South and known land terra Australia inc ognita including Ethiopia, Libya, and the India Sea to the East China and to the West, there is the great occidental Ocean reaching around earth to china.Middle AgesScientific thought and intellectual activity declined after Ptolemy for about 1000 years in Europe. During the Middle Ages improved ship buildings to the south in the Mediterranean region after fall to the Roman Empire. Arab scholars continue Greek and Roman knowledge to build on it. During the Middle Ages, while Scholarship about the sea continue primitive. The knowledge of navigation increased Harbours finding charts appeared. Dutch navigational chart from Johannes van Kerulen great new-fangled and improved sea atlas or water world of 1682-84. The compass direction follow the cast used in early fourteen century protolanoshttp//www.gutenberg.org/files/18757/18757-h/18757-h.htmVoyages of Discovery other(a) in the fifteenth century, the Chinese organized seven voyage the explore the pacific and Indian ocean has much than 300 ships, in which more than one ship are 122m(400 ft.) long severicipation in these adventures to thrive Chinese influence and demonstrate the power of the Ming dynasty. This voyages ended in 1433. The individual most responsible for the great age of European discovery was Prince henry the navigator (1394- 1460) of Portugal. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) made firer voyages across the Atlantic Ocean in an effort to find a new route to the East Indies by traveling west rather than east. Italian navigator Amigo Vespucci (1454-1512) made several(prenominal) voyage to the world (1499-1504) from Spain and Portugal, exploring nearly 10,000 km of South American coastline. by and by that the captain James Cook (1728-1779) made his three great voyages. He was British navigator and he was famous for his voyages. In 1768 he left(p) the England then he returned in 1871 and he explored and charted coast of mod Zealand and eastern Australia. In this third journey between (1772-177 5) he explored the Antarctic Ocean. In the unite States, Benjamin Franklin (1706-90) travels between England and America. His cousin and a whaling captain from Nantucket constructed the chart of gulf stream current when published the chart, encouraged captains to sail with in the gulf stream en routes to Europe and return via the trade rear beat and follow the gulf stream north again to Philadelphia, impudently York city and umpteen an(prenominal) other parts.http//www.maps.com/ref_map.aspx?pid=11340Prof. Nils Jerlov (1910-1990) Professor Nils Jerlov is belonging from Sweden and passed away at the age of 80. He got the degree of graduation in 1932 and took his restitute degree in 1939 at the University of Lund. After that he was appointed a professor in Physical Oceanography at the University of Copenhagen in 1963. Nile Jerlov took part in a number of expeditions a. o. Prof Niles Jerlov participated in the Swedish worldwide Oceanography expeditions with the R/V Albatross (1947 -1948). He had number of specialities but a great interested was optical Oceanography. The study of optical Oceanography accommodates light penetrating sea water. Niles Jerlov was member of many international associations for Physical Oceanography and the Danish national board for Oceanology as well as many others. Then the Nils Jerlov met with B.Kullenberg and make outstanding investigation of the optical properties of sea water and his major investigation is the optical motley of sea water which is called Jerlov Classification. Jerlov was interested in many fields. He wrote issuing on the heat budget of sea water, nuclear Physics and the people problems. He concluded his own and his other research colleagues work in the book and published under the name marine optics Jerlov and his staff developed a world famous institution of optical oceanography in Copenhagen. Jerlov had no understanding of disputes between colleagues about the popularation of scientific result.History of O ceanography in GermanyThe deutsche Gesell chaff fur Meeresforschung has developed a on the job(p) group on the narration of marine investigation. It is all those interested in German Marine Science including the Mathematics and Technology political history of Geography and Marine history.Oceanography at Royal Museum of ScotlandA new scientific instrument gallery planned by Alison Morrison Low has candid at the RMS in Edinburgh. It contains the distinguished history of Oceanography in Scotland.The broad U.S Territorial SeaAt the Meeting at the law shoal in January 1991 Professor Harry Schieber at the University of Hawaii. His Co- author Chris Carr of the University of California at Barkley presenting a paper on problem of United State Fisheries Oceanography in relation to extended Jurisdiction Policies (1945-1989).Ocean Resources Industries and Rivalries A mass with this title edited by Harry N. Schieber contains many historical written document establish on paper repared for t he 10th international economic history congress. Belgium Leuven after that the Dr. Herman Ueberlein on Breganzona Lugano Switzerland has contributed the private collection of 6500 books and many documents based on the history of marine and smart water research. A congress set up to commemorate 500 years of Portugueses maritime Escola Nacional De Saude public a, Lisbon 10-13 September 1990 and 50 participants from the U.K, Spain, Portugal, and Japan prepared paper based on the medical subjects related to Portuguese maritime discoveries and their era. It will be published the AV- Padre Cruz 1699 Lisboa Codec and the national de Saude Publica.Scope and Significance of OceanographyThe ocean important to every individual on the earth planet. People enjoy the beauty of the oceans and bounty of its waters, but may not richly understand that every day actions- boating improper waste tendency construction ignoring developing areas can affect the oceans and its resources. Planning for lo ng term growth development and use of coastal areas is the key to continued action of the oceans. Project Oceanography has dedicated a portion of its 1998 fall history to year of the oceans (YOTO). The declaration of 1998 as the international year of the oceans provides a materialize for organization governments and individual to raise public awareness of the role that the ocean play in our lives, and to initiate changes needed to sustain the marine resources on which we all depends.The most important points of (YOTO) are hoping to get across to everyone. These points includeThe significance of ocean to health on the earth planet.Different kinds of instruments that we use to study the oceans.The significance of marine environment and the living organism in them are threatened.Participating in YOTO is easy for everyone, and it might be an on-going battle there is a numerous of free materials at resources available leave government agencies much of it via the internet, which you can use in your class live for many years. Now it is a good time to order and download lot of free, high-quality marine educational material. Both President Clinton and wise death chair Al Gore or main supporters of ocean protection. They are advocating what may prove to be a new era in ocean exploration among many of the new programme announced in June 1998, the United State will review ocean resources and policy to insure a Cleaner Marine Environment, Healthier. Ocean cover greater than 70% of the earth surface and it contain 99% of the living space on the earth. Without the oceans the organisms do not survive, it would be five a couple of(prenominal)er phyla of animals on the earth surface. only it is the most important to preserve the oceans and to protect the biodiversity which living on the earth surface.BiodiversityMangrove, Salt Marshes, Sea grass, Beds and Coral Reefs or just a few of the ocean environment which support a large number of contrasting species of organism - that is, have a high biodiversity. Estuaries are brackish water corpse that empty there water into the world oceans, and support many, many fishes and many other living organisms. Along with the coral reefs, estuaries sustain 75% of all commercial fishes and shellfish during some point of their life cycles. Mangroves not only act as nurseries for commercially important marine species, they also act as a filtration system for coastal water.Natural ResourcesThe floor of ocean habitat is not as well-known as coral reefs or coastal areas, but it is very important to all other organisms that live on the bottom of the oceans. The continental shells and ocean floor is store habitation of many important minerals including natural gas oil.TransportationThe oceans are not only important to sustain life, but also help in the moving of materials that we use more than 95% of U.S. foreign trade passes with U.S ports and Harbours. Without barges, commercial ships transportation of goods from place to place would be much more difficult and expensive. Cities which have good natural harbours have always had an advantage, and even today are some of the largest cities in the world.Climate and Weather torrid ocean water provides the energy to fuel storm system that provides fresh water which is necessary to land-dwelling organisms. The oceans effect climate and global weather as the air passes over the warm water, rises due to warming. When it is cold condensation of water take place and create rainfall. If the air passes or a ice chest water, it becomes cools and sinks. Air removes from high to low pressure areas. Warm air moves with the disjuncture Stream toward the northern Europe. Thus, the winters and northern Europe or not intolerable. prudenceThe ocean is also important to our economy. One of every six U.S. jobs is marine-related, and more than 66% of the world populations lives within 100 km of the coastline. Real state, occupation, pastime and many other services a ssociated with the ocean generate 54 trillion dollars in goods and services per year. Revenue related to the ocean is produced throw, kelp, food, recreation, and moaning, shipping and biomedical products.Source of trade RoutesThe trade between different countries confined to the oceans and it find different routes which joining different countriesSource of food SupplyOceans are most important source of food supply including red algae, sponges, fishs etc. sponges and cartilage from the sharks or being used in medicine to help fight the battle against cancer.Source of SaltOceans are major source of salt which is use for different purposes. And which is necessary to many marine organisms.Source of Water vapourAnother most important function of oceans is the formation of water vapours.Political importance of oceans.Source of ecosystemstrategic importanceSource of atmospheric circulationAcknowledgementReferencesAkbari, H., Menon, S. and Rosenfeld, A., (2008). spheric Cooling outcome o f Urban Albedo on Global Temperature. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report, Berkeley, CA.Alcoforado, M. J. and Andrade, H. (2008). Global Warming and the Urban Heat Island. Urban Ecology, 249-262.Arnfield, A. J. (2003). Micro and mesoclimatology. Progress in Physical Geography, 27, 435-447.Fedra, K. (1999). Urban Environmental Management Monitoring, GIS, and Modelling. Computer, Environment and Urban Systems. 23 p. 443-457.Herold, M., Gardner, M. E. Roberts, D. A. (2003). Spectral resolution requirements for mapping urban areas, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and contradictory Sensing, accepted for publication (in press).Huxhold, W. 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